Right now, I’m working on an InfiniBand topology design for a GPU cluster. The math keeps pointing to the same conclusion: scale-out only makes sense when scale-in has topped out. It’s not about CUDA cores. It’s not about tensor throughput. It’s about tail latency. NVLink keeps GPU-to-GPU communication on-package or over short copper links — no NIC, no PCIe host traversal, no protocol stack. For small messages, that means sub-microsecond latency in the hundreds-of-nanoseconds range. InfiniBand NDR switches add sub-microsecond port-to-port latency, but once you include the full path — PCIe to the NIC, driver overhead, fabric hops, and back — real-world GPU-to-GPU latency across nodes often lands in the 3-10μs range depending on message size and topology. ...